“Lendület” innovative gaseous detector development

“Momentum” research team

Dezső Varga, György Bencze, Gábor Kiss#, Tivadar Kiss, András László, Krisztina Márton#, László Oláh#, Éva Oláh#, Tamás Tölyhi

# Ph.D. student

Webpage: https://regard.wigner.mta.hu/

After the infrastructure developments of the previous years, the activities of the group were
focused on detector development and detector physics research. This includes contributions
to specific CERN experiments, such as the ALICE, NA61 and RD51. Relevant detector physics
projects were financed by H2020 grants. In the field of cosmic muon imaging, novel
methods and novel detector systems were established, leading to a Japanese-Hungarian
utility patent.

Contributions to CERN Collaborations. — The group's participation, along with the
Hungarian ALICE Group, is now clearly established within the Time Projection Chamber
(TPC) Upgrade Collaboration. Budapest will be one of the two Advanced Quality Assurance
testing sites, that is, half of the foils which will be built into the new ALICE TPC readout will
pass through our lab. Within the framework of the NA61 Collaboration, new TPC-s will be
built to capture the forward particles, highly relevant for neutrino factories. The RD51
Collaboration establishes the basis for R&D for gaseous detectors, and is correlated with the
AIDA-2020 participation of the group.
Detector physics results. — The most relevant results of the group are related to detector
physics, that is, the fundamental questions in the operation of gaseous detectors. Gas
Electron Multipliers (GEM-s) are particularly interesting, both as a highly relevant Micro-
Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) type with very confined amplification region, and as a
popular actual advanced detector technology (also used in the ALICE TPC Upgrade).
By understanding the cascaded steps in the multiplication process (Fig. 1, left), one can trace
the energy resolution of GEM-s, dominated by avalanche fluctuations. The inverse of the
energy resolution can be experimentally found to linearly increase with the inverse of the
effective GEM gain (Fig. 1, right), to first order independently from absolute gain and from
gas type.
A statistical calculation leads to an analytic formula for the effective gain fluctuations, as a
function of the true avalanche fluctuation f (ratio of spread over mean) as well as transfer
and collection parameters, which explicitly predicts the resolution dependence on the
inverse of the effective gain G:

Figure 1. Relevant cascaded processes in a GEM amplification stage (left panel), including
collection, avalanche fluctuation and extraction before subsequent gain stages. Analytic
calculation predicts that the inverse of the resolution (right panel) linearly depends on the
inverse of the effective gain G.
Even more interesting is to establish the avalanche size distribution initiated by single
electrons, as this has been directly measured in various gases. Fig. 2 left panel shows a
typical pulse height distribution for very low UV photon irradiation: if there is no photoelectrons
induced, a sharp peak appears, whereas a single photo-electron distribution
clearly departs from the noise peak. In this measurement, 2 or more photo-electrons
(Poissonian) contribution is very small, thus making this measurement very clear for the first
time.

Figure 2. Signal amplitude (left panel) from UV photons, showing typically 0 (sharp peak)
and 1 photo-electron responses. The amplitude distribution clearly departs from the typical
exponential distribution. For various gases, the signal amplitude (right panel) shows similar
non-exponential feature, strongly depending on gas composition.
On the right panel of Figure 2, the extracted single electron avalanche distributions are
shown, normalized to a mean of 1, in different gases. There is a clear trend indicating that
gases with higher ionization potential show stronger departure from a pure exponential
distribution, observed regularly in Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC).

Imaging with cosmic muons.

The application of cosmic muons for large scale imaging has
been a research direction in the group in the previous years. Collaboration with the Novi Sad
University (Serbia) has led to a novel imaging technique, which utilizes secondary emission.
When cosmic particles, mainly muons, cross any material, a gamma photon (with energies
from few keV up to few MeV) may be emitted coincidentally. Registering the particle
trajectory along with the energy deposit in a gamma counter, one can visualize those tracks
which were responsible for the emission: this possibility is demonstrated on the left panel of
Figure 3. A key advantage of the approach in comparison to earlier techniques is that it is
sensitive for low atomic number materials as well. The method may find its application in
imaging where X-ray irradiation is undesirable.

An important application for cosmic muons detectors, developed in the last years by the
group, is imaging the interior of volcanos. This direction was pursued by Japanese and
various European groups. Given the fact that gaseous tracking detectors, and in our case, a
specific type of an MWPC, are highly competitive with the traditional scintillators in terms of
cost, weight and power consumption, a utility patent has been filed in Japan, owned jointly
by Wigner RCP and Tokyo University, for the so called “Muography Observation
Instrument”. A first prototype of the detector, installed at the Wigner campus, is shown on
the right panel of Figure 3. The detector shows excellent long term performance, sustaining
high efficiency at varying environmental conditions.
Figure 3. A new imaging technique involving secondary emission can be used to visualize low
atomic number materials: on the left panel, the middle ring appears for those tracks which
had a coincident gamma photon in the HPGe detector. The right panel shows the prototype
of a large size imaging system installed outdoor.

Grants

“Momentum” Program of the HAS (D. Varga, 2013-2017)
AIDA-2020 (Advanced European Insfrastructures for Detectors at Accelerators), H2020
support (D. Varga, 2015-2018)
BrightnESS (Research Infrastructure for ESS), H2020 support (D. Varga)

International cooperation
CERN NA61 Collaboration (A. László), CERN RD51 Collaboration (D. Varga), CERN ALICE TPC
Upgrade Collaboration (D. Varga)
Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo Uni., Muography for Volcano Monitoring (L. Oláh, D.
Varga)
University of Novi Sad (Serbia), Novel Imaging Methods (L. Oláh, D. Varga)

Publications

Articles
1. Bikit I, Mrdja D, Bikit K, Slivka J, Jovancevic N, Oláh L, Hamar G, Varga D: Novel
approach to imaging by cosmic-ray muons. EUROPHYS LETT 113:(5) 58001/1-4 (2016)
2. László A: A natural extension of the conformal Lorentz group in a field theory context.
INT J MOD PHYS A 31:(28-29) 1645041/1-11 (2016)
3. László A: Convergence and error propagation results on a linear iterative unfolding
method. SIAM J UNCERTAIN QUANT 4:(1) pp. 1345-1371. (2016)
4. László A, Hamar G, Kiss G, Varga D: Single electron multiplication distribution in GEM
avalanches. J INSTRUM 11: Paper P10017. 25 p. (2016)
5. Magnani A et al. (158 authors) incl. Bencze G, Endrőczi G: Impact of the GE1/1
upgrade on CMS muon system performance. NUOVO CIMENTO C 39:(1) 260 (2016)
6. Mitra J, Khan SA, Marin MB, Cachemiche J-P, David E, Hachon F, Rethore F, Kiss T,
Baron S, Kluge A, Nayak TK: GBT link testing and performance measurement on
PCIe40 and AMC40 custom design FPGA boards. J INSTRUM 11:(3) C03039/1-13
(2016)
7. Mrdja D, Bikit I, Bikit K, Slivka J, Hansman J, Oláh L, Varga D: First cosmic-ray images of
bone and soft tissue. EUROPHYS LETT 116:(4) 48003/1-5 (2016)
8. Oláh É, Ádám P, Béni N, Hamar G, Horváth Á, Horváth D, Jancsó G, Jarosievitz B, Lévai
P, Péntek C, Sükösd C, Szillási Z, Trócsányi Z, Újvári B, Vámi T, Varga D: Particle physics
education in Hungary. NUCL PART PHYS P 273-275: 2569-2571 (2016)
9. Oláh L, Surányi G, Barnaföldi GG, Bemmerer D, Hamar G, Melegh HG, Varga D: Cosmic
background measurements at a proposed underground laboratory by the REGARD
muontomograph. J PHYS CONF SER 665:(1) 012032/1-4 (2016)
10. Vai I e al. (156 authors) incl. Bencze G, Endroczi G: Development and performance of
triple-gem detectors for the upgrade of the muon system of the cms experiment.
NUOVO CIMENTO C 39:(1) 269/1-3 (2016)
11. Varga D: Analytic approximation of energy resolution in cascaded gaseous detectors.
ADV HIGH ENERGY PHYS 2016 8561743/1-8 (2016)
12. Varga D, Nyitrai G, Hamar G, Oláh L: High efficiency gaseous tracking detector for
cosmic muon radiography. ADV HIGH ENERGY PHYS 2016 1962317/1-11 (2016)
13. Abbaneo D et al. incl. Bencze G, Endrőczi G (158 authors): Status report of the
upgrade of the CMS muon system with Triple-GEM detectors. NUCL INSTRUM METH
A 824: 521-525 (2016) Frontier Detectors for Frontier Physics: Proceedings of the
13th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors.
14. Abbaneo D et al. incl. Bencze G, Endrőczi G (159 authors): Design of a constant
fraction discriminator for the VFAT3 front-end ASIC of the CMS GEM detector. J
INSTRUM 11:(1) C01023/1-10 (2016)
15. Abbaneo D et al. incl. Bencze G, Endrőczi G (161 authors): Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
sensors as flatness and mechanical stretching sensors. NUCL INSTRUM METH A 824:
493-495 (2016)

Conference proceeding
16. Ortiz A, Bencédi Gy, Bello H, Jena S: Jet effects in high-multiplicity pp events. In: Proc.
of the workshop MPI@LHC 2015 Trieste, Italy, 23-11-2015 – 27-11-2015, Eds.:
Gunnellini P, Diehl M, Jung H Verlag Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg,
2016. pp. 215-219. (ISBN:978-3-945931-01-1)

Other
17. László A: A tanítómester (The master teacher, in Hungarian) FIZIKAI SZEMLE 66:(9)
301-302 (2016)
See also: R-B.1,R-B ALICE Collaboration, R-H NA49 Collaboration, R-H NA61 Collaboration